رئولوژی پلیمرهای بسیار پرشده

نوع مقاله : تالیفی

نویسندگان

پژوهشگاه پلیمر و پتروشیمی ایران

چکیده

در این مقاله، دانش فعلی در باره رئولوژی پلیمرهای بسیار پرشده، با تأکید بر پرکننده­های سخت بررسی می­شود. دانستن رفتار رئولوژیکی این آمیزه­ها به بهینه کردن فراورش آن­ها کمک می­کند. زمانی که ذرات جامد در بستر یک سیال قرار می­گیرند، بر رفتار رئولوژی سامانه اثر می­گذارند که این اثرگذاری با تغییر در میدان جریان انجام می­گیرد. امروزه رئولوژی تعلیق­ها، به­ویژه تعلیق­­های غلیظ، به­دلیل استفاده فراوان از آن­ها در زمینه­های مختلف مانند صنعت کامپوزیت، پتروشیمی و صنایع غذایی اهمیت بسیاری دارد. عاملهای اصلی مؤثر بر رفتار رئولوژیکی این کامپوزیت­ها شامل کسر پرشدگی بیشینه، آستانه شبکه­شدگی و توزیع اندازه پرکننده­هاست. توزیع اندازه پرکننده­ها امکان استفاده از مقدار پرکننده بیشتر را آسان می­کند و گرانروی مذاب را برای مقدار مشخصی از پرکننده کاهش می­دهد. محدودیت­ها و ناپایداری­های جریان، به رفتار غیرخطی مانند لغزش دیواره، جدایش پرکننده-پلیمر، تورم و ناپایداری سطح منجر می­شوند. مدل­های ریاضی و پیش­بینی بیشینه کسر پرشدگی نیز ارائه شده­اند که از مهم­ترین عاملهای رئولوژی کامپوزیت­های بسیار پرشده هستند. معادلات دربرگیرنده گرانروی نیز به­عنوان تابعی از مقدار پرکننده برای تعلیق­های بسیار پرشده تک­، دو و چندشیوه­ای ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Rheology of Highly Filled Polymers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Barghamadi
  • Ismaeil Ghasemi
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
چکیده [English]

T his paper reviews current knowledge about the rheology of highly filled polymers,
focusing on hard fillers. Understanding the rheological properties would help for
assist the formulation and processing of such polymeric materials. When solid particles are
incorporated in a fluid, they affect the rheological behavior of the system via changes in the
flow field. Nowadays rheology of suspensions, especially concentrated suspensions, is of
great importance due to their wide uses in various fields such as composite, petrochemical,
and food industries. The main factors affecting the rheological behavior of these composites
such as maximum packing fraction, percolation threshold, and the size distribution of the
fillers are discussed. The size distribution of the fillers facilitates higher filling levels and
decreases the melt mixture viscosity for a specified content of fillers. The limitations and
flow instabilities of highly filled polymers often lead to non-linear rheological behavior
such as wall slip, polymer-filler separation, swelling and surface instabilities phenomena.
Following, mathematical models predicting the maximum packing fraction, which is one
of the most important rheological parameters of highly filled composites, is presented.
The viscosity-containing also discussed as a function of the filler content for monomodal,
bimodal, and multimodal highly filled suspensions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • highly filled polymers
  • rheology
  • maximum packing fraction
  • non-linear viscoelastic
  • mathematical models
1. Pal R., Rheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites, CRC, USA, 73-96, 2006.
2. Iyer G., Gorur R.S., and Krivda A., Understanding Electrical Discharge Endurance of Epoxy Micro- and Nano-composites
Through Thermal Analysis, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 21, 225-229, 2014.
3. Rueda M.M., Auscher M.C., Fulchiron R., Perie T., Martin G., Sonntag P., and Cassagnau P., Rheology and Applications of
Highly Filled Polymers: A Review of Current Understanding, Prog. Polym. Sci., 66, 22-53, 2017.
4. Fu J., Shi L., Zhong Q., Chen Y., and Chen L., Thermally Conductive and Electrically Insulative Nanocomposites Based
on Hyperbranched Epoxy and Nnano Al2O3 Particles Modified Epoxy Resin, Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 1032-1041, 2011.
5. Larson R.G., The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids, Oxford University, New York, Chapter 1, 1999.
6. Eilers H., The Viscosity of Emulsions as a Function of Concentration of Highly Viscous Materials, Kolloid-Zeitschrift,
97, 313-321, 1941.
7. Hong J.P., Yoon S.W., Hwang T., Oh J.S., Hong S.C., Lee Y., and Nam J.D., High Thermal Conductivity Epoxy Composites
with Bimodal Distribution of Aluminum Nitride and Boron Nitride Fillers, Thermochim. Acta, 537, 70-75, 2012.
8. Poslinski A.J., Ryan M.E., Gupta R.K., Seshadri S.G., and Frechette F.J., Rheological Behavior of Filled Polymeric Systems
II. The Effect of a Bimodal Size Distribution of Particulates, J. Rheol., 32, 751-771, 1988.
9. Pishvaei M., Graillat C., McKenna T.F., and Cassagnau P., Rheological Behaviour of Polystyrene Latex Near the
Maximum Packing Fraction of Particles, Polym. J., 46, 1235- 1244, 2005.
10. Bauhofer W. and Kovacs J.Z., A Review and Analysis of Electrical Percolation in Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites,
Compos. Sci. Technol., 69, 1486-1498, 2009.
11. Yang M. and Shaqfeh E.S.G., Mechanism of Shear Thickening in Suspensions of Rigid Spheres in Boger Fluids. Part I: Dilute Suspensions, J. Rheol., 62, 1363-1377, 2018.
12. Brouwers H.J.H., Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Rigid Monosized Particles, Phys. Rev. E, 81, 51402, 2010.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.051402
13. Koutny O., Kratochvil J., Drdlova M., and Bystrianska E., Packing Density Modelling of Non-spherical Aggregates for
Particle Composite Design, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP, Bristol, United Kingdom, 12013, 2019.
14. Chong J.S., Christiansen E.B., and Baer A.D., Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 15, 2007-
2021, 1971.
15. Lennart B., Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions, in: Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Advanced Ceramics Processing,
Routledge, Taylor and Francis, United Kingdom, 194-244, 2017.
16. Farris R.J., Prediction of the Viscosity of Multimodal Suspensions from Unimodal Viscosity Data, Trans. Soc. Rheol., 12, 281- 301, 1968.
17. Ouchiyama N. and Tanaka T., Porosity of a Mass of Solid Particles Having a Range of Sizes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.,
20, 66-71, 1981.
18. Kaully T., Siegmann A., and Shacham D., Rheology of Highly Filled Natural CaCO3 Composites. I. Effects of Solid Loading
and Particle Size Distribution on Capillary Rheometry, Polym. Compos., 28, 512-523, 2007.
19. Chaloupka A., Pflock T., Horny R., Rudolph N., and Horn S.R., Dielectric and Rheological Study of the MolecularDynamics During the Cure of An Epoxy Resin, J. Polym. Sci., B: Polym. Phys., 56, 907-913, 2018.
20. Liu Y. and Wilkinson A., Rheological Percolation Behaviour and Fracture Properties of Nanocomposites of MWCNTs and
a Highly Crosslinked Aerospace-grade Epoxy Resin System, Compos. Part A, 105, 97-107, 2018.
21. Honek T., Hausnerova B., and Saha P., Relative Viscosity Models and Their Application to Capillary Flow Data of
Highly Filled Hard Metal Carbide Powder Compounds, Polym. Compos., 26, 29-36, 2005.
22. Mayadunne A., Bhattacharya S.N., and Kosior E., Modelling of Packing Behavior of Irregularly Shaped Particles Dispersed
in a Polymer Matrix, Powder Technol., 89, 115-127, 1996.
23. Gonzalez-Gutierrez J., Cano S., Schuschnigg S., Kukla C., Sapkota J., and Holzer C., Additive Manufacturing of Metallic
and Ceramic Components by the Material Extrusion of Highly-filled Polymers: A Review and Future Perspectives,
Materials, 11, 840, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/ma11050840
24. Gan S., Wu Z.L., Xu H., Song Y., and Zheng Q., Viscoelastic Behaviors of Carbon Black Gel Extracted from Highly Filled
Natural Rubber Compounds: Insights into the Payne Effect, Macromolecules, 49, 1454-1463, 2016.
25. Fall A., Bertrand F., Ovarlez G., and Bonn D., Shear Thickening of Cornstarch Suspensions, J. Rheol., 56, 575-591, 2012.
26. Kalyon D.M., Apparent Slip and Viscoplasticity of Concentrated Suspensions, J. Rheol., 49, 621-640, 2005.
27. Lewandowski K., Piszczek K., Zajchowski S., and Mirowski J., Rheological Properties of Wood Polymer Composites at
High Shear Rates, Polym. Test., 51, 58-62, 2016.
28. Sudduth R.D., A New Method to Predict the Maximum Packing Fraction and the Viscosity of Solutions with a Size
Distribution of Suspended Particles. II, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 48, 37-55, 1993.
29. Qi F. and Tanner R.I., Random Close Packing and Relative Viscosity of Multimodal Suspensions, Rheol. Acta, 51, 289-
302, 2012.
30. Palmer T.L., Baardsen G., and Skartlien R., Reduction of the Effective Shear Viscosity in Polymer Solutions Due to
Crossflow Migration in Microchannels: Effective Viscosity Models Based on DPD Simulations, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol.,
39, 190-206, 2018.
31. Xu B., Xu H., Song Y., and Zheng Q., Segmental Dynamics and Linear Rheology of Nearly Athermal All-polystyrene
Nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 177, 111-117, 2019.
32. Wetzel M.D. and Campbell G.A., A Study of Concentrated Suspensions in Polyethylene Melts and the Impact on Viscosity
and Polymer Processing Operations, Int. Polym. Proc., 33, 574- 587, 2018.
33. Ford T.F., Viscosity-Concentration and Fluidity-Concentration Relationships for Suspensions of Spherical Particles in Newtonian Liquids, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1168-1174, 1960.
34. Thomas D.G., Transport Characteristics of Suspension: VIII. A Note on the Viscosity of Newtonian Suspensions of Uniform Spherical Particles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 20, 267-277, 1965.
35. Frankel N.A. and Acrivos A., On the Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Solid Spheres, Chem. Eng. Sci., 22, 847-853,  1967.
36. Quemada D., Rheology of Concentrated Disperse Systems and Minimum Energy Dissipation Principle, Rheol. Acta, 16, 82-94, 1977.
37. Mooney M., The Viscosity of A Concentrated Suspension of Spherical Particles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 6, 162-170, 1951.
38. Holroyd G.A.J. and Martin S.J., Analytic Solutions of the Rolie Polymodel in Time-Dependent Shear, J. Rheol., 61, 859-
870, 2017.
39. Krieger I.M. and Dougherty T.J., A Mechanism for Non- Newtonian Flow in Suspensions of Rigid Spheres, Trans. Soc.
Rheol., 3, 137-152, 1959.
40. Simha R., A Treatment of the Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 1020-1024, 1952.
41. Sengun M.Z. and Probstein R.F., High-Shear-Limit Viscosity and the Maximum Packing Fraction in Concentrated
Monomodal Suspensions, PCH Physicochem. Hydrodyn., 11, 229-241, 1989.
42. Horri B.A., Ranganathan P., Selomulya C., and Wang H., A New Empirical Viscosity Model for Ceramic Suspensions,
Chem. Eng. Sci., 66, 2798-2806, 2011.
43. Mend oza C.I., Effective Static and High-frequency Viscositiesof Concentrated Suspensions of Soft Particles, J. Chem. Phys., 135, 54904, 2011. DOI: 10.1063/1.3623472
44. Storms R.F., Ramarao B.V., and Weiland R.H., Low Shear Rate Viscosity of Bimodally Dispersed Suspensions, Powder
Technol., 63, 247-259, 1990.
45. Dörr A., Sadiki A., and Mehdizadeh A., A Discrete Model for the Apparent Viscosity of Polydisperse Suspensions Including
Maximum Packing Fraction, J. Rheol., 57, 743-765, 2013.