A Review of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of EVA/NR Foam

Document Type : compile

Authors

1 Department of Materials Science and Manufacturing Technology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology

2 Polymer Departmenr, Composite Research Center, Material and Manufacturing Process Faculty, Malek Ashtar university, Tehran, Iran

10.22063/basparesh.2024.3635.1697

Abstract

Polymer foams are porous materials that have a large number of tiny air pores in their structure. Among the different types of these foams, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam is one of the most widely used in various industries such as packaging, shoes, automotive, and bumpers. The physical and mechanical properties of EVA foams are affected by changes in cell structure, concentration, type of crosslinking and blowing agents, process parameters, and other factors. To achieve the desired properties in these foams, it is possible to combine them with other rubbers. Combining two or more polymers in order to produce a product with the required properties for specific uses has gained great important in the industry. Due to its high tensile strength, good flexibility at low temperatures, excellent resilience, resistance to permanent deformation, and good tear strength, natural rubber (NR) can be successfully blended with EVA to form foams with uniform cell size and favorable physical and mechanical performance. Nowadays, the preparation of EVA/NR foams and blending them with other polymer materials have become one of the important topics in polymer research to improve their performance under various conditions. In the present paper, the effective factors and their effects on the properties of EVA/NR foams, including physical, mechanical, and structural propertie are comprehensively reviewed.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Quagliano Amado J.C., Ross P.G., Murakami L.M.S., and Dutra J.C.N., Properties of Hydroxyl-Terminal Polybutadiene (HTPB) and Its Use as a Liner and Binder for Composite Propellants: A Review of Recent Advances, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 47, 1-19, 2022.
  2. https://www.factmr.com/report/hydroxyl-terminatedpolybutadiene-htpb-market,
  3. Thomas R., Yumei D., Yuelong H., Le Y., Moldenaers P., Weimin Y., Czigany T. et al., Miscibility, Morphology, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of a DGEBA Based Epoxy Resin Toughened with a Liquid Rubber, Polymer, 49, 278-294, 2008.
  4. Thomas R., Sinturel C., Pionteck J.R., Puliyalil H., and Thomas S., In-Situ Cure and Cure Kinetic Analysis of a Liquid Rubber Modified Epoxy Resin, Ind. Eng. Chem., 51, 12178-12191, 2012.
  5. Ozturk A., Kaynak C., and Tincer T., Effects of Liquid Rubber Modification on the Behaviour of Epoxy Resin, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 2353-2363, 2001.
  6. Latha P., Adhinarayanan K., and Ramaswamy R., Epoxidized Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene-Synthesis, Characterization and Toughening Studies, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 14, 57-61, 1994.
  7. Kou Y., Zhou W., Li B., Dong L., Duan Y.-E., Hou Q., Liu X. et al., Enhanced Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of an Epoxy Resin Modified with Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene, Compos. Part A: Appl., 114, 97-106, 2018.
  8. Abdollahi H., Salimi A., and Barikani M., Synthesis and Architecture Study of a Reactive Polybutadiene Polyamine as a Toughening Agent for Epoxy Resin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 2016.
  9. Abdollahi H., Salimi A., and Barikani M., Synthesis and Architecture Study of a Reactive Polybutadiene Polyamine as a Toughening Agent for Epoxy Resin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 44061-44074, 2016.
  10. Kar S. and Banthia A.K., Synthesis and Evaluation of Liquid Amine-Terminated Polybutadiene Rubber and Its Role in Epoxy Toughening, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96, 2446-2453, 2005.
  11. Tian X., Geng Y., Yin D., Zhang B., and Zhang Y., Studies on the Properties of a Thermosetting Epoxy Modified with Chain-Extended Ureas Containing Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene, Polym. Test, 30, 16-22, 2011.
  1. Barcia F.L., Amaral T.P., and Soares B.G., Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Epoxy-Terminated Liquid Polybutadiene, Polymer, 44, 5811-5819, 2003.
  2. Januszewski R., Dutkiewicz M., Nowicki M., Szołyga M., and Kownacki I., Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified with Novel Reactive Liquid Rubber-Based Systems, Ind. Eng. Chem., 60, 2178-2186, 2021.
  3. Hosseini S.R. and Alavi Nikje M.M., Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Epoxy‐Urethane Coating and Its Graphene Nanocomposites, Polymer Compos., 44, 2794-2803, 2023.
  4. Nirmal C., Maithi S., Padmavathi T., Vanaja A., and Rao R., Studies on Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Toughened Phenolic Resin, High Perform. Polym., 18, 57-69, 2006.
  5. Megiatto Jr. J.D., Ramires E.C., and Frollini E., Phenolic Matrices and Sisal Fibers Modified with Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene Rubber: Impact Strength, Water Absorption, and Morphological Aspects of Thermosets and Composites, Ind. Crops Prod., 31, 178-184, 2010.
  6. Jafari F., Eslami-Farsani R., and Khalili S., Optimization of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Elastomer Modified Carbon Fibers/Phenolic Resin Composites, Fibers Polym., 22, 1986-1994, 2021.
  7. Patri M., Rath S., and Suryavansi U., A Novel Polyurethane Sealant Based on Hydroxy‐Terminated Polybutadiene, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 99, 884-890, 2006.
  8. Barcia F.L., Soares B.G., and Sampaio E., Adhesive Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified by End-Functionalized Liquid Polybutadiene, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 93, 2370-2378, 2004.
  9. Sheikhy H., Shahidzadeh M., and Ramezanzadeh B., An Evaluation of the Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of a Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB)-Based Adhesive Including Different Kinds of Chain Extenders, Polym. Bull., 72, 755-777, 2015.
  10. Sasidharan Achary P., Joseph D., and Ramaswamy R., Study on a Vinyl Ester/Methyl Methacrylate Based Reactive Acrylic Adhesive Thoughened by Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene, J. Adhes., 34, 121-136, 1991.
  11. Khalaf E.S., Hassanein S.M., and Hadhoud M.K., Investigation of Mechanical Behavior for a Selected Rubber-Modified Epoxy Adhesive, International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology, Cairo, 1-10, 26-28 May, 2009.
  12. Akram N., Gurney R.S., Zuber M., Ishaq M., and Keddie J.L., Influence of Polyol Molecular Weight and Type on the Tack and Peel Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Macromol. React. Eng., 7, 493-503, 2013.
  13. Akram N., Zia K.M., Saeed M., Usman M., and Saleem S., Impact of Macrodiols on the Adhesion Strength ofPolyurethane Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 135, 46635-46642, 2018.
  14. Akram N., Zia K.M., Saeed M., Khosa M.K., Khan W.G., and Arain M.A., Compositional Effect on the Deformation Behavior of Polyurethane Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Thin Films, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 137, 48395-48402, 2020.
  15. Gu J., Zhang C.F., Bai Y.X., Zhang L., Sun Y.P., and Chen H.L., Divinyl Benzene Cross-Linked Htpb-Based Polyurethaneurea Membranes for Separation of P/O Xylene Mixtures by Pervaporation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123, 1968-1976, 2012.
  16. Bai Y., Qian J., Yin J., Zhai Z., and Yang Y., HTPB-Based Polyurethaneurea Membranes for Recovery of Aroma Compounds from Aqueous Solution by Pervaporation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 104, 552-559, 2007.
  17. Malkappa K. and Jana T., Hydrophobic, Water-Dispersible Polyurethane: Role of Polybutadiene Diol Structure, Indust. Eng. Chem. Res., 54, 7423-7435, 2015.
  18. Liu Y., Liu J., Wang Z., Yuan Y., Hua J., and Liu K., Robust and Durable Superhydrophobic and Oil-Absorbent Silica Particles with Ultrahigh Separation Efficiency and Recyclability, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 335, 111772-111783, 2022.
  19. Nozad E., Marjani A.P., and Mahmoudian M., A Novel and Facile Semi-IPN System in Fabrication of Solvent Resistant Nano-filtration Membranes for Effective Separation of Dye Contamination in Water and Organic Solvents, Sep. Purif. Technol., 282, 120121-120135, 2022.
  20. Zhou W. and Cai J., Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Epoxy Resin Modified Using Reactive Liquid Rubber (HTPB), J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 124, 4346-4351, 2012.
  21. Dong L., Zhou W., Sui X., Wang Z., Cai H., Wu P., Zuo J. et al., A Carboxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Liquid Rubber Modified Epoxy Resin with Enhanced Toughness andExcellent Electrical Properties, J. Electron. Mater., 45, 3776-3785, 2016.
  22. Soares B., Leyva M., Moreira V., Barcia F., Khastgir D., and Simão R., Morphology and Dielectric Properties of an Epoxy Network Modified by End-Functionalized Liquid Polybutadiene, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 42, 4053-4062, 2004.
  23. Li Z., Yang F., Yuan J., Cong L., and Yu M., Study on Preparation and Pavement Performance of Polyurethane Modified Asphalt Based on In-Situ Synthesis Method, Constr. Build. Mater., 309, 125196-125207, 2021.
  24. Han X., Mao S., Xu S., Cao Z., Zeng S., and Yu J., Development of Novel Composite Rejuvenators for Efficient Recycling of Aged SBS Modified Bitumen, Fuel, 318, 123715-123726, 2022.
  25. Huo L., Guo J., Yang F., Pan C., Hu H., Zhang K., Zhou H. et al., Esterification of Hydrogenated Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene as a High-Performance Lubricating Oil, Ind. Eng. Chem., 61, 2685-2692, 2022.
  26. Huo L., Guo J., Yang F., Pan C., Hu H., Zhang K., Zhou H. et al., Design of Linear Polymer-Based Liquid Lubricants by a Strategy of Complementary Advantages, Polymer, 265, 125592, 2023.
  27. Ying W.B., Yu Z., Kim D.H., Lee K.J., Hu H., Liu Y., Kong Z. et al., Waterproof, Highly Tough, and Fast Self-healing Polyurethane for Durable Electronic Skin, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 11072-11083, 2020.
  28. Murali Sankar R., Saha S., Seeni Meera K., and Jana T., Functionalization of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene with Biologically Active Fluorescent Molecule, Bull. Mater. Sci., 32, 507-514, 2009.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics