http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/ Basparesh en daily 1 Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0430 Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0430 http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2199.html In recent years, attention to the development of environmentally friendly materials, especially in the adhesive industry, has increased dramatically. The wood industry is one of the largest consumers of adhesives. Synthetic wood adhesives are primarily based on urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins, which release formaldehyde during manufacturing and use that is highly harmful to human health. In recent years, regulations and guidelines prohibiting the use of formaldehyde-releasing compounds have been established in most countries. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted to replace formaldehyde-based wood adhesives. Tannic acid-based (TA) adhesives, as a natural and abundant compound, have gained attention as a promising material for the synthesis of fully bio-based wood adhesives due to their unique properties, such as high adhesion, moisture resistance, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. In this paper summarizes the latest advances in using tannic acid in producing moisture-resistant wood adhesives, inspired by natural structures and mechanisms is summarized. First, the properties of tannic acid and its role in improving adhesion and water resistance and then various methods of modifying tannic acid and combining components to achieve high-performance adhesives are reviewed. Additionally, the effect of combining tannic acid with other natural materials, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nanoparticles, to enhance the mechanical properties and moisture resistance is discussed. This study demonstrates that tannic acid-based adhesives have significant potential as a sustainable and efficient alternative to petroleum-based synthetic adhesives in the wood industry, particularly in humid or underwater environments. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2200.html Chronic infected wounds remain a major challenge in tissue regeneration and clinical wound management. Smart hydrogel-based wound dressings, particularly those using polyacrylamide (PAM), have gained increasing attention due to their three-dimensional structure, high water absorption capacity, biocompatibility, and drug-loading potential. These hydrogels provide an optimal environment for wound healing by moisture retention and facilitating nutrient and oxygen exchange. However, limitations such as poor mechanical strength, instability under stress, and lack of intrinsic antibacterial properties have limited their widespread application. In recent years, the incorporation of functionalized nanoparticles, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and photodynamic nanoparticles nanoparticles (chloro-e6-carboxymethyl chitosan, Ce6/CMCS), has significantly enhanced the mechanical, biological, and antibacterial properties of PAM-based hydrogels. The nanoparticles contribute to improve structural integrity, increase strength, and enable controlled release of therapeutic agents, which accelerates wound healing process. This study systematically reviews the impact of various nanoparticles on the structural, mechanical, and functional performance of PAM hydrogels. Also, key mechanisms including controlled drug release, stimuli-responsive behavior, and enhanced wound healing are critically discussed. The findings suggest that PAM nanocomposites play an important role in the development of next-generation wound dressings and open new avenues for intelligent and targeted tissue regeneration therapies that have the potential for personalized medical applications. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2198.html Conducting polymers, as the fourth generation of polymeric materials with outstanding electrical properties and charge transport capabilities, have found a unique place in scientific research and industrial applications. These polymers generally have lower conductivity than metals, however the doping process significantly increases their conductive performance. Their electrical conductivity stems primarily from conjugated π-bonding systems within polymer backbones, facilitating efficient charge carrier mobility. Among the various types of conducting polymers, poly(4,3-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) offers excellent mechanical strength, superior performance, and remarkable environmental stability due to its aqueous dispersibility and the formation of stable and uniform films. These properties make PEDOT:PSS an optimal choice for applications requiring long-term electrical stability and mechanical flexibility. In this paper, the charge transport mechanisms, synthesis methods, and the effect of doping on improving the properties of PEDOT:PSS are reviewed. Data analysis of the presented results evidences superior conductivity of PEDOT:PSS even at ultrathin film thicknesses and its ability to maintain electrical stability under diverse environmental stressors. The synergy of superior electrical properties, chemical stability, and high adaptability has made PEDOT:PS a leading conductive polymer and essential for advancing next-generation flexible electronics and electronic materials. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2201.html Foam formation in lubricants is a major challenge affecting the performance of industrial http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2202.html Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of molecules composed of highly hydrophilic polymer chains that can absorb water up to a thousand times their dry weight. Due to their high biocompatibility and processability, hydrogels have become a desirable choice for cell patterning using 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting is an innovative method that allows the fabrication of complex and pre-designed 3D architectures from biomaterials or living cells (bioinks). A key challenge in biomedical applications of 3D printing, unlike conventional industries, is the need for bioinks that are not only highly biocompatible but also closely mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). This limitation significantly limits the range of materials suitable for bioengineered structures. Hydrogels play a vital role in cell-based 3D bioprinting by mimicking the physical and biochemical properties of the ECM. Also, in the past few years, due to the advances in crosslinking methods and gelation mechanisms, more controlled physical and chemical properties of hydrogels have been achieved. Therefore, hydrogels are one of the best choices for bioinks after appropriate functional and structural design and can be used in the production of living organs. Various technologies are used in bioprinting, of which inkjet, laser, and extrusion 3D printing systems are the most suitable for printing hydrogels. Each bioprinting method is usually differs based on the rheological properties, crosslinking chemistry, and biocompatibility of the ink. Therefore, in the present article, the most important and best 3D printing methods for hydrogels are introduced first. Then, the different properties of hydrogels and finally the different crosslinking methods and crosslinking hydrogels for 3D printing purposes are discussed. The research results show that there are different criteria for the suitability of hydrogels in 3D bioprinting, therefore a balance must be established between all parameters to create a suitable bioprintable material for various biomedical needs. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2203.html The depletion of fossil fuel resources and the rapid increase in electronic waste have made the development of sustainable energy technologies an inevitable necessity. Meanwhile, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted growing attention as efficient components for harvesting ambient mechanical energy and converting it into electrical energy. Their simple structure, high efficiency at low frequencies, flexibility, and potential for large-scale manufacturing are among the key advantages of this technology One of the effective strategies in improving the performance and sustainability of TENGs is the use of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. Due to their suitable dielectric properties, high flexibility, and biological safety, these materials enable the design of wearable and implantable medical devices and can directly contact with biological tissues without causing toxicity or unwanted reactions. In addition, natural degradability after the end of the device lifetime plays an important role in reducing environmental impacts and electronic waste. In recent years, the use of natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and silk, as well as biocompatible synthetic polymers including polylactic acid and polycaprolactone, has demonstrated promising results in energy harvesting, sensing, and biomedical applications. However, challenges such as limited durability, high costs of high-performance materials, and difficulties in large-scale production remain. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of biocompatible polymers in the design and development of TENGs, discussing their advantages and limitations while highlighting future perspectives of this technology in sustainable energy and medical applications. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2183.html UV-Vis spectroscopy plays a pivotal role in the characterization of polymer nanocomposites (PMCs) and provides important insights into their optical properties, molecular interactions, and structural integrity. This technique allows the detection of characteristic absorption bands associated with the polymer matrix and embedded nanoparticles, facilitating the identification of electronic transitions such as π→π* and n→π* . In PMCs containing metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectroscopy is particularly valuable for observing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena that reflect the size, shape, and dispersion state of the particles in the polymer. Furthermore, it serves as a non-destructive method to assess nanoparticle-polymer interactions, stability over time, and the success of functionalization or doping processes. By correlating spectral features with compositional and morphological properties, UV-Vis spectroscopy provides a rapid and reliable tool for optimizing PMC formulations for applications in electronics, photonics, catalysis, and biomedical engineering. In this paper, the optical properties of various polymer nanocomposites will be investigated with examples. This paper reveals the importance of UV-Vis spectroscopy in characterizing the properties of polymer nanocomposites containing some light-responsive nanofillers (such as metals, semiconductor nanocrystals, and nanooxides), a method that leads to the development of functional materials with important technological applications. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2189.html In recent years, growing environmental concerns and the increasing demand for biodegradable materials in the food packaging industry have drawn significant attention to edible films and coatings. Among the widely used polymers in this field is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which has attracted considerable interest from researchers due to its high transparency, biocompatibility, and good film-forming ability. However, properties such as brittleness, high water vapor permeability, and water solubility limit the direct application of pure CMC films. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the functional properties of CMC-based edible films and strategies for their improvement.This article first examines the physical properties of CMC films, including mechanical strength, the effects of factors such as the use of plasticizers, blending with other polymers, incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles, and chemical modifications. Finally, the practical applications of CMC films in the packaging of various food products—such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products—are discussed.The findings suggest that incorporating reinforcing agents and structural modifications can significantly enhance the functional properties of CMC-based films, making them promising candidates for sustainable packaging. However, optimizing formulations, assessing performance under real storage conditions, and evaluating consumption safety are crucial aspects that future research must address. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2190.html With the increasing environmental concerns and the growing limitations associated with petroleum-based polymers, the development of sustainable food packaging systems has become a major priority in the food industry. In this context, biopolymers have attracted significant attention in recent research as biodegradable and safe alternatives to conventional synthetic materials. The present review focuses on the application of biopolymers in food packaging and provides a critical analysis of edible films and coatings, emerging active and intelligent packaging technologies, and the key challenges related to their commercialization.Based on the evaluation of previous studies, although biopolymer-based films and coatings offer notable advantages in terms of biocompatibility and food safety, their industrial application is still hindered by insufficient mechanical and barrier properties, high sensitivity to moisture, and limitations in processability. On the other hand, biopolymer-based active and intelligent packaging systems, by enabling the incorporation of bioactive compounds and real-time monitoring of food quality, have opened new opportunities for enhancing shelf life and ensuring food safety. Nevertheless, challenges such as large-scale production, cost-effectiveness, consumer acceptance, and compliance with safety regulations remain critical barriers to their widespread adoption.Finally, this review provides a critical synthesis of current research trends and highlights future directions for research and development in the field of biopolymer-based food packaging, aiming to facilitate the transition from laboratory-scale studies to practical and commercially viable packaging solutions. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2191.html Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer with a semi-crystalline structure and a high density of hydroxyl groups, which, owing to its ability to form hydrogen bonds, high biocompatibility, and versatile structural modifiability, has secured a prominent position in scientific and industrial applications. With desirable mechanical properties, uniform film-forming capability, and high processability, PVA finds extensive use in areas such as tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, biodegradable packaging, biosensors, and petrochemical industries. This article examines in detail the crystalline structure, degree of hydrolysis, and molecular weight of PVA, along with their influence on the polymer’s final performance. Various chemical modification pathways aimed at enhancing mechanical, thermal, and biological properties are also discussed. Furthermore, the development of PVA-based nanocomposites using different fillers and the role of these reinforcements in improving mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial characteristics are analyzed. Comparative evaluations with polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyethylene oxide (PEO) reveal that PVA offers a favorable balance between performance, cost, and environmental compatibility, providing a significant competitive advantage. Additionally, global market growth trends, end-user industry distribution, raw material supply challenges, and environmental regulations are reviewed as key factors shaping the development of this polymer. Emerging research opportunities in sustainable technologies and the circular economy are also highlighted, underscoring PVA’s strategic potential in advancing future high-performance materials. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2192.html The rapid growth in the production and consumption of plastics, accompanied by severe environmental consequences such as long-term waste accumulation, soil and water pollution, and the release of microplastics, clearly demonstrates that the linear model of “extraction–production–disposal” is no longer viable. Therefore, the transition toward a circular economy is not merely a technological choice but an undeniable necessity for environmental sustainability and resource security. In this context, polyamides (PA), owing to their outstanding mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and chemical stability, play a vital role in industries such as packaging, textiles, automotive manufacturing, and engineering components. However, their long service life and bio-non-degradability pose significant challenges for waste management. This paper focuses on the mechanical recycling of polyamides, reviewing conventional and advanced recycling routes, structural features, and major secondary applications. Analysis of existing studies indicates that parameters such as the number of reprocessing cycles, feedstock composition and quality, moisture content, processing conditions, and the use of compatibilizing additives have a direct impact on retaining the strength and durability of the recycled product. Although mechanical recycling offers advantages such as simplicity, lower energy consumption, and avoidance of direct greenhouse gas emissions, issues such as polymer chain degradation due to repeated melt-processing and incompatibility with other polymers persist. Investment in advanced separation and compatibilization technologies, along with the development of innovative markets for recycled products, offers viable routes to reduce dependence on virgin resources and achieve the goals of a circular economy. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2193.html The extensive use of petroleum plastics in packaging and single-use products poses serious environmental and economic challenges worldwide. Although biodegradable alternatives for these polymers have been introduced, their scalability and cost-effectiveness remain major barriers to widespread adoption. Molded fiber products (MFPs) are a promising substitute for petroleum-based plastics; however, their production requires affordable and sustainable sources of lignocellulosic fibers. Based on low forest cover in Iran and lack of water, there are many limitations for wood fiber production. Agricultural residues, which are abundantly available and often treated as waste, contain high levels of holocellulose suitable for producing high-yield pulps. Utilizing these residues in value-chain of agricultural productions not only reduces raw material costs but also creates added values for agricultural by-products. The establishment of decentralized small- to medium-scale units for converting residues into mechanical or semi-chemical pulps could enhance regional supply chains, reduce dependence on wood resources, and lower production costs. This approach provides a dual advantage: minimizing plastic pollution on one side and offering an economically viable pathway toward large-scale adoption of eco-friendly packaging solutions on the other side. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2194.html Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most important controlled radical polymerization techniques, enabling the synthesis of polymers and copolymers with well-defined molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and diverse architectures. This method operates through a reversible activation–deactivation mechanism of growing radical species, which significantly suppresses termination reactions and results in linear growth of molecular weight with conversion as well as pseudo-first-order kinetics. The key step in this process is the transfer of a halogen atom between the catalyst and the polymer radical. In ATRP, compared to conventional radical polymerization, the majority of the polymer chains are in a dormant state and can be reactivated in the presence of a suitable activator. Therefore, ATRP provides superior control over polymer structure and is consequently a powerful tool for the design of polymeric materials with precisely tailored properties. The ATRP process involves a monomer, an initiator bearing a transferable (pseudo-)halogen group, a catalytic system composed of a transition metal and an appropriate ligand, and a solvent selected according to the reaction conditions. The molecular weight of ATRP products can range from oligomers to very high molecular weight polymers, reaching up to millions of daltons. This article reviews the reaction mechanism of ATRP, its main variants, the role of catalysts, and the influence of key parameters such as monomer type, solvent, and temperature, and finally highlights the application of polymers synthesized via ATRP. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2195.html This paper presents a comprehensive review of lightweight porous ablators as thermal protection systems. There is a critical need for insulators with low density, low thermal conductivity, adequate mechanical strength, and high ablation efficiency for space exploration missions. The article compares the performance of various advanced ablator types, including Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablators (PICA), polymer-impregnated carbon foams, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (LATS), and composites incorporating phenolic aerogels. The introduction of controlled porosity within the structure is key to achieving an optimal balance between ablation performance and thermal insulation. Specifically, carbon foams with a continuous three-dimensional network demonstrate superior performance due to their high resistance to mechanical erosion and fiber detachment. Furthermore, the influence of critical parameters such as pore size distribution, initial porosity percentage, and the "gas blocking" effect caused by the outflow of pyrolysis gases on improving thermal response is analyzed. Also, the mathematical modeling of these complex systems, surveying various approaches including surface, volume, and Multiphysics models have been investigated. In conclusion, this review highlights that engineering the pore structure and porosity at multiple scales, alongside the development of nanocomposites and hybrid materials, constitutes the main trajectory for future research aimed at achieving a new generation of ultra-lightweight and highly efficient thermal protection systems. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2196.html Zein, the major plant protein derived from corn, has attracted considerable attention as a natural and biocompatible biopolymer in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental applications. This protein exhibits unique properties such as biodegradability, thermal and chemical stability, film-forming ability, and the capacity for loading and controlled release of bioactive compounds. Zein-based nanofibers and films, produced via electrospinning and hybrid techniques, can be engineered to possess optimized mechanical properties, porosity, and surface bioactivity. These features enable their application as drug delivery carriers, protective coatings in food packaging, wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, catalyst supports, and filtration membranes. However, limitations such as brittleness, low flexibility, and colloidal instability, particularly under varying environmental conditions, restrict their broader application. Recent studies have demonstrated that the development of core–shell structures and the use of natural crosslinkers can significantly enhance the stability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial performance of zein-based nanofibers and films. Considering its environmental friendliness and renewable nature, zein holds great potential for the development of advanced nanofibrous systems and bioactive, sustainable films across various industries. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the properties of zein and its applications in different forms for industrial and biomedical purposes, as well as to review recent advances in optimizing processing conditions to achieve improved stability and performance. http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_2197.html The growing demand for freshwater resources, coupled with the limited availability of potable water, has made the development of advanced desalination technologies a global necessity. Among these, membrane distillation (MD) has attracted considerable attention as a promising desalination technique due to its ability to operate at relatively low temperatures, utilize low-grade thermal energy sources, and achieve effective rejection of salts and contaminants. Despite these advantages, the widespread application of MD is hindered by challenges such as membrane wetting and inorganic scaling, which can lead to flux decline, reduced separation efficiency, and shortened membrane lifespan. Therefore, developing strategies to mitigate these issues is of paramount importance. One effective approach involves membrane surface engineering through the reduction of surface energy and the creation of micro- and nanoscale rough structures in the membranes. Such modifications can enhance hydrophobicity, improve operational stability, and reduce the tendency for wetting and foulant accumulation. This review article discusses the fundamental principles of membrane distillation, the major operational challenges, and recent advances in performance enhancement strategies, with a particular focus on surface modification and the use of low-surface-energy materials.