Cellular Structures of Polyvinyl Alcohol Foams Prepared by the Batch Method

Document Type : compile

Author

Azarbaijan Shahid madani univetsity

Abstract

In this study, foaming process of polyvinyl alcohol with the addition of some compounds was investigated using the batch foaming technique. The reason for the crystalline structure in polyvinyl alcohol is presence of strong hydrogen bonds between its chains. By adding some plasticizers and additives, these strong bonds can be broken and new bonds can be formed. Studies show that the foamability of semi-crystalline polyvinyl alcohol biopolymer was improved significantly after adding softener and nanoparticles as nucleating agent. Various analyzes showed that suitable intermolecular interactions occur in polyvinyl alcohol and its blends in turn expand the processability window of polyvinyl alcohol. Polyvinyl alcohol is a very suitable option for tissue engineering applications due to its non-toxicity and high biocompatibility. Considering this case, it is very important to examine the morphology of the produced sponges using a scanning electron microscope and study the cell structures of the resulting foam. It was found that by changing the operational variables and adding different polymer compounds, a significant change in the structure and cell density of polymer foams was observed. Also, the cell size distribution, cell density and porosity of the produced foams can be controlled by adding certain amount of additives and changing pressure and temperature.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.  Sauceau M., Fages J., Common A., Nikitine C., and Rodier E., New Challenges in Polymer Foaming: A Review of Extrusion Processes Assisted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Prog. Polym. Sci., 36, 749-766, 2011.
2.  Pilla S., Kim S.G., Auera G.K., Gong S., and Park C.B.,   Microcellular Extrusion Foaming of Poly(lactide)/
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends,  Mater. Sci. Eng., 30, 255-262, 2010.
3.  Xiang A., Yin D., He Y., Li Y., and Tian H., Multifunctional Nucleating Agents with Simultaneous Plasticizing, Solubiliz-
ing, Nucleating and their Effect on Polyvinyl Alcohol Foams, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 170, 105156, 2021. 
4.  Azimi H.R., Rezaei M., and  Abbasi F., The Effect of Expan-sion Conditions on the Batch Foaming Dynamics of St−MMA 
Copolymer, J. Cell. Plast., 4820, 125-140, 2012. 
5.  Colton J.S. and Suh N.P., The Nucleation of Microcellu-lar Thermoplastic Foam with Additives: Part I: Theoretical   
Considerations, Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 485-492, 2010.6.  Ruiz J.A.R., Tallon J.M., Pedros M., and Dumon M., Two-Step Micro Cellular Foaming of Amorphous Polymers in   Supercritical CO2, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 57, 87-94, 2011.
7.  Tut T.A., Cesur S., Ilhan E., Sahin A., Samet O., Yildirim O.S. et al., Gentamicin-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol/Whey Protein 
Isolate/Hydroxyapatite 3D Composite Scaffolds with Drug Delivery Capability for Bone Tissue Engineering Applica-
tions, Eur. Polym. J., 179, 111580, 2022. 
8.  Ono T., Wu X., Horiuchi S., Furuya T., and Yoda S., Two-Step Foaming Process for Production of PMMA Nanocellular   
Polymer Foams Via Ultra-High Pressure and Rapid Depres-surization, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 165, 104963, 2020. 
9.  Wang L., Cui W., Mi H.Y., Hu D., Antwi-Afari M.F., Liu C. et al., Fabrication of Skinless Cellular Poly(Vinylidene Fluo-
ride) Films by Surface-Constrained Supercritical CO2 Foam-ing Using Elastic Gas Barrier Layers, J. Supercrit. Fluid., 184, 
105562, 2022. 
10. Qiu W., Wang J., and Li L., Preparation and Biological   Performance of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Hydroxyapatite Porous 
Composites Used for Cartilage Repair, RSC Adv., 6, 99940-99947, 2016.
11. Wang Y., Hao J., Huang Z., Zheng G., Dai K., Liu C. et al., Flexible Electrically Polymer Fibrous Mats for Human   
Motion Monitoring, Carbon, 126, 360-371, 2018.
12. Dehdari B., Parsaei R., Riazi M., Rezaei N., and Zendehboudi S., New Insight into Foam Stability Enhancement Mechanism, Using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Nanoparticles,  J. Mol. Liq., 307, 112755, 2020.
13. Kim H., Yang G.H., and Kim G., Three-Dimensional Gela-tin/PVA Scaffold with Nanofibrillated Collagen Surface for   
Applications in Hard-Tissue Regeneration, Int. J. Biol. Macro-mol., 135, 21-28, 2019. 
14. Zhao N., Zhu C., Mark L.H, Park C.B., and Qian L., Foaming Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Microfibrillated Cellulose Composites 
with CO2 and Water as Co-Blowing Agents, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 11962-11972, 2014.
15. Liu P., Chen W., Jia Y., and Bai S., A Novel Method to Prepare Microcellular Poly(vinyl alcohol) Foam Based on Thermal 
Processing and Supercritical Fluid, Polym. Adv. Technol., 28, 285-292, 2017.
16. Liu P., Chen W., Jia Y., Bai S., and Wang Q., Fabrication of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Graphene Nanocomposite Foam Based on Solid State Shearing Milling and Supercritical Fluid Technol-ogy, Mater. Des., 134, 121-131, 2017.
17. Jia Y., Bai S., Park C.B., and Wang Q., Effect of Boric Acid on the Foaming Properties and Cell Structure of PVA Foam 
Prepared by Sc-CO2 Thermoplastic Extrusion Foaming,  Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56, 6655-6663, 2017.
18. Dattola E., Parrotta E.I., Scalise S., Perozziello G., Limongi T., Candeloro P. et al., Development of 3D PVA Scaffolds for 
Sardiac Tissue Engineering and Cell Screening Applications, RSC Adv., 9, 4246-4257, 2019.
19. Medina L., Carosio F., and Berglund L.A., Recyclable Nano-composite Foams of Poly(vinyl alcohol), Clay and Cellulose 
Nanofibrils–Mechanical properties and Flame Retardancy, Compos. Sci. Technol., 182, 107762, 2019. 
20. Bai X., Ye Z., Li Z., Zhou L., and Yang L., Preparation of Crosslinked Macroporous PVA Foam Carrier for Immobiliza-
tion of Microorganisms, Proc. Biochem., 45, 60-66, 2010

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics