Iran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122A Review of the Performance of Functionalized Waxes as a Compatibilizer and Co-Compatibilizer in Polymer CompositesA Review of the Performance of Functionalized Waxes as a Compatibilizer and Co-Compatibilizer in Polymer Composites313177010.22063/basparesh.2021.2761.1524FAMohammad Hadi KarimiDepartment of Polymerization Engineering , Faculty of Engineering , Iran polymer and petrochemical Institute, Tehran. IranSeyed Mohammad Mahdi MortazaviDepartment of Polymerization Engineering. Faculty of Engineering. Iran polymer and Petrochemical Institute. Tehran. IranSaeed AhmadjoDepartment of Catalyst. Faculty of Engineering. Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran. IranHamed AziziDepartment of Plastic, Faculty of Processing. Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. Tehran. IranMohammad Reza RostamiDepartment of Polymerization Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute. Tehran. IranJournal Article20200902Demand for the use of polymers in different industries with different properties is increasing. However, pure polymer does not have the ability to create a wide range of desired features. To solve this problem, various additives are used, many of which are minerals. The polar nature of these additives has made them impossible to use in non-polar polymers, such as polyolefins, due to the incompatibility and poor interface adhesion. Various methods are used to increase compatibility, one of which is the use of compatibilizers. Functionalized waxes are among the materials that researchers have studied over the years. The backbone of functional waxes is miscible with a polymer, and the functional groups on the wax surface can interact with the groups present on the additive surface. Therefore, their use improves the dispersion and distribution of additive particles in the polymer. Also, due to their low molecular weight, these waxes can penetrate the pores and capillaries on the additive surface and act as a successful co-compatibilizer. In this study, first, the methods of increasing compatibility and the cases used for this purpose are briefly reviewed. Then, the performance of functionalized waxes as a compatibilizer and co-compatibilizer and their effect on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polymer composites are investigated in details.Demand for the use of polymers in different industries with different properties is increasing. However, pure polymer does not have the ability to create a wide range of desired features. To solve this problem, various additives are used, many of which are minerals. The polar nature of these additives has made them impossible to use in non-polar polymers, such as polyolefins, due to the incompatibility and poor interface adhesion. Various methods are used to increase compatibility, one of which is the use of compatibilizers. Functionalized waxes are among the materials that researchers have studied over the years. The backbone of functional waxes is miscible with a polymer, and the functional groups on the wax surface can interact with the groups present on the additive surface. Therefore, their use improves the dispersion and distribution of additive particles in the polymer. Also, due to their low molecular weight, these waxes can penetrate the pores and capillaries on the additive surface and act as a successful co-compatibilizer. In this study, first, the methods of increasing compatibility and the cases used for this purpose are briefly reviewed. Then, the performance of functionalized waxes as a compatibilizer and co-compatibilizer and their effect on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polymer composites are investigated in details.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1770_5d561812608f422b838feaf1a019dc89.pdfIran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122Effect of Nanoparticles on Acoustics Properties of Polyurethane FoamEffect of Nanoparticles on Acoustics Properties of Polyurethane Foam1421177110.22063/basparesh.2021.2819.1536FAMohammad Amin AbbaszadehColor and Surface coatings,, Polymer Processing Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteJournal Article20201206Nowadays, with the increase of population growth and development of industry, noise pollution is increasing, which has been the source of many social and urban anomalies. In addition, noise pollution causes exhaustion and decreased efficiency of workers in the workplace. Sound is a mechanical wave that requires an environment to transmit. Polymers minimize and remove wave energy due to their viscoelastic properties, especially in viscous regions. This is done through the viscous loss and the sound is absorbed. The literature review shows that the addition of nanoparticles improves the properties of polyurethane foams, especially their acoustic properties. These nanoparticles increase the sound propagation paths through the polymer sample and increase the probability of sound wave attenuation through viscous loss. Depending on the aspect ratio, nanoparticles are divided into various forms including plate-like nanoparticles such as graphene and graphene oxide, nanotubes containing carbon nanotubes and particulate nanoparticles containing metal oxides such as zinc oxide and nanoclays that examined by many researchers to study the effect of each of these nanoparticles on sound absorption in polyurethane foam samples. In this article, first the sound and its properties, then polyurethane as one of the most important members of the polymer family are discussed. Also, among the various forms of polyurethane, polyurethane foams is reviewed.Nowadays, with the increase of population growth and development of industry, noise pollution is increasing, which has been the source of many social and urban anomalies. In addition, noise pollution causes exhaustion and decreased efficiency of workers in the workplace. Sound is a mechanical wave that requires an environment to transmit. Polymers minimize and remove wave energy due to their viscoelastic properties, especially in viscous regions. This is done through the viscous loss and the sound is absorbed. The literature review shows that the addition of nanoparticles improves the properties of polyurethane foams, especially their acoustic properties. These nanoparticles increase the sound propagation paths through the polymer sample and increase the probability of sound wave attenuation through viscous loss. Depending on the aspect ratio, nanoparticles are divided into various forms including plate-like nanoparticles such as graphene and graphene oxide, nanotubes containing carbon nanotubes and particulate nanoparticles containing metal oxides such as zinc oxide and nanoclays that examined by many researchers to study the effect of each of these nanoparticles on sound absorption in polyurethane foam samples. In this article, first the sound and its properties, then polyurethane as one of the most important members of the polymer family are discussed. Also, among the various forms of polyurethane, polyurethane foams is reviewed.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1771_ef1be8e0345ba036220a7d3f463dfea5.pdfIran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122A Review of the Durability in PVC Sewer Pipes-Structural and Performance FactorsA Review of the Durability in PVC Sewer Pipes-Structural and Performance Factors2233177310.22063/basparesh.2021.2806.1531FAMahroo KhaleghiChemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI),Journal Article20201107Currently, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most valuable products in the petrochemical industry. In general, more than half of the PVC products is used in construction. In recent decades, due to its many advantages, it has become one of the dominant products used in sewage systems. However, as these sewer pipes have been operated in an aggressive environment for decades, concerns about their longevity have recently increased. In this regard, in this article, the main factors and mechanisms affecting the service life of PVC pipe, along with current methods for estimating their service life and their limitations are discussed. Investigation of related case studies shows that material degradation, if present, occurs slowly. However, inspections of some sewer lines in different countries show that severe defects in the pipes are growing at a rapid and unexpected rate. The main reason for this difference between studies and practice is the fact that a comprehensive test of PVC sewer pipe materials is rarely found in sources, although it is necessary to reliably assess the extent of degradation and its sources.Currently, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most valuable products in the petrochemical industry. In general, more than half of the PVC products is used in construction. In recent decades, due to its many advantages, it has become one of the dominant products used in sewage systems. However, as these sewer pipes have been operated in an aggressive environment for decades, concerns about their longevity have recently increased. In this regard, in this article, the main factors and mechanisms affecting the service life of PVC pipe, along with current methods for estimating their service life and their limitations are discussed. Investigation of related case studies shows that material degradation, if present, occurs slowly. However, inspections of some sewer lines in different countries show that severe defects in the pipes are growing at a rapid and unexpected rate. The main reason for this difference between studies and practice is the fact that a comprehensive test of PVC sewer pipe materials is rarely found in sources, although it is necessary to reliably assess the extent of degradation and its sources.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1773_be32fa62b881848739f01bf943519307.pdfIran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122Review of Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Nanocomposites in the Presence of Iron Oxide NanoparticlesReview of Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Nanocomposites in the Presence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles3443177410.22063/basparesh.2021.2824.1537FAMohammadreza KalaeePolymer Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, South Tehran
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-2396-7006Mohammadhossein KaramiDepartment of Polymer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch0000-0001-5305-8204Journal Article20201215Thermoset nanocomposites, due to their strength and special physical and mechanical properties compared to metal materials, are widely used in the manufacture of household appliances, electrical appliances, coatings and sports equipment, and sanitary wares. The thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites depend on the adhesion between the nanoparticles and matrix. Also, designing high quality and efficient epoxy nanocomposites with suitable physical and mechanical properties requires understanding the phenomena that occur during the curing reaction. The reaction of epoxy resin and curing agent as well as the study of curing kinetics play an important role in controlling the deformation of the structure and physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Investigating the dispersion of nanoparticles and selecting the appropriate mixing method can improve the curing reaction or crosslinking of epoxy nanocomposites. It can also prevent the agglomeration of nanoparticles, that affect thermal reactions. Modified iron oxide nanoparticles reduce the reaction activation energy and the curing time. Reaction time and temperature are two important factors for evaluating chemical curing reactions. Modeling analysis of curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposites is a solution to overcome the problems of thermal reactions that occur during the curing reactions. In this paper, the curing kinetics modeling of epoxy nanocomposites and the effect of adding modified and unmodified iron oxide nanoparticles on the amount of activation energy, curing index, and rheological, mechanical and thermal properties are introduced.Thermoset nanocomposites, due to their strength and special physical and mechanical properties compared to metal materials, are widely used in the manufacture of household appliances, electrical appliances, coatings and sports equipment, and sanitary wares. The thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites depend on the adhesion between the nanoparticles and matrix. Also, designing high quality and efficient epoxy nanocomposites with suitable physical and mechanical properties requires understanding the phenomena that occur during the curing reaction. The reaction of epoxy resin and curing agent as well as the study of curing kinetics play an important role in controlling the deformation of the structure and physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Investigating the dispersion of nanoparticles and selecting the appropriate mixing method can improve the curing reaction or crosslinking of epoxy nanocomposites. It can also prevent the agglomeration of nanoparticles, that affect thermal reactions. Modified iron oxide nanoparticles reduce the reaction activation energy and the curing time. Reaction time and temperature are two important factors for evaluating chemical curing reactions. Modeling analysis of curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposites is a solution to overcome the problems of thermal reactions that occur during the curing reactions. In this paper, the curing kinetics modeling of epoxy nanocomposites and the effect of adding modified and unmodified iron oxide nanoparticles on the amount of activation energy, curing index, and rheological, mechanical and thermal properties are introduced.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1774_049fc3ec3da860e2d742a97c33de8383.pdfIran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122Three-Dimensional Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Brief ReviewThree-Dimensional Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Brief Review4460178510.22063/basparesh.2021.2829.1538FAJavad Rafiei- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, IranAhmad Reza GhasemiFaculty of Mechanical Engineering; University of ,Kashan; KashanJournal Article20201231Fiber reinforced composites offer exceptional directional mechanical properties, and the combination of their advantages with the capability of 3D printing has been resulted in many innovative research fronts. Three-dimensional printing technology is most widely used in automotive, aerospace, building, metal and alloy, electronics and biomedical industries. The most notable reason for the widespread acceptance of this technology is the ability to create intricate design at minimized process steps with the freedom to fabricate reinforcement as required. This review aims to summarize the methods and findings of research conducted on 3D-printed continous fiber reinforced composites by fused deposition modeling (FDM). It is shown that factors affecting the fabrication of these composites such as fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction and stacking sequence as well as, printing parameters such as infill density, infill pattern, nozzle speed, layer thickness, built orientation, nozzle and bed temperatures have a great effect on mechanical properties. In the present paper, a brief history of the three-dimensional printing of continous fiber reinforced composites, mechanism of embedding different continuous fibers into different plastics and their microstructural and mechanical properties including predicting models have been reviewed. In addition, future research is defined based on current constraints and challenges.Fiber reinforced composites offer exceptional directional mechanical properties, and the combination of their advantages with the capability of 3D printing has been resulted in many innovative research fronts. Three-dimensional printing technology is most widely used in automotive, aerospace, building, metal and alloy, electronics and biomedical industries. The most notable reason for the widespread acceptance of this technology is the ability to create intricate design at minimized process steps with the freedom to fabricate reinforcement as required. This review aims to summarize the methods and findings of research conducted on 3D-printed continous fiber reinforced composites by fused deposition modeling (FDM). It is shown that factors affecting the fabrication of these composites such as fiber orientation, fiber volume fraction and stacking sequence as well as, printing parameters such as infill density, infill pattern, nozzle speed, layer thickness, built orientation, nozzle and bed temperatures have a great effect on mechanical properties. In the present paper, a brief history of the three-dimensional printing of continous fiber reinforced composites, mechanism of embedding different continuous fibers into different plastics and their microstructural and mechanical properties including predicting models have been reviewed. In addition, future research is defined based on current constraints and challenges.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1785_601220ba28d9a40c4a457070bac80a2d.pdfIran Polymer and Petrochemical InstituteBasparesh2252-044911320211122Translated of: Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Theranostic ApplicationsTranslated of: Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Theranostic Applications6183185110.22063/basparesh.2021.1851FAJaber Keyvan RadIPPIJournal Article20211230Over the past few years, engineered inorganic nanoparticles have been studied, researched, and applied extensively in the biomedical field because resultant platforms increase the usage of nanoparticles for particular theranostic applications. The innovation of such nanosystems has the potential to develop a theranostic mode that integrates both the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in a particular system via combinatorial approaches of imaging, targeting, and therapy that accomplish the potential of personalized and tailored medicine. The manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as theranostic agents has attained growing consideration in materials science owing to their exclusive capability in magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, bioseparation, gene therapy, enzyme immobilization, and controlled release of the drug. To intensify the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy, MNPs have been ornamented or functionalized with a range of materials to enhance their biocompatibility, stability, and capability of carrying therapeutic payloads and encapsulating imaging agents. Preferentially synthetic and natural polymers have been exploited as coatings to ensure their colloidal stability and good dispersibility in biological fluids. Stimuli-responsive polymers have also been used to functionalize MNPs to establish a therapeutic approach that can significantly enhance their therapeutic effectiveness including real-time monitoring in specific cells and tissues. The present review highlights the progress of MNPs emphasizing functionalization using diverse inorganic and organic biomaterials. Furthermore, it also provides a soundproof concept on the potential of MNPs and their colloidal counterparts, which offer attractive possibilities for theranostic applications. Finally, the main challenges and limitations in the use of MNPs for advanced biomedical applications have also been critically provided.Over the past few years, engineered inorganic nanoparticles have been studied, researched, and applied extensively in the biomedical field because resultant platforms increase the usage of nanoparticles for particular theranostic applications. The innovation of such nanosystems has the potential to develop a theranostic mode that integrates both the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in a particular system via combinatorial approaches of imaging, targeting, and therapy that accomplish the potential of personalized and tailored medicine. The manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as theranostic agents has attained growing consideration in materials science owing to their exclusive capability in magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, bioseparation, gene therapy, enzyme immobilization, and controlled release of the drug. To intensify the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy, MNPs have been ornamented or functionalized with a range of materials to enhance their biocompatibility, stability, and capability of carrying therapeutic payloads and encapsulating imaging agents. Preferentially synthetic and natural polymers have been exploited as coatings to ensure their colloidal stability and good dispersibility in biological fluids. Stimuli-responsive polymers have also been used to functionalize MNPs to establish a therapeutic approach that can significantly enhance their therapeutic effectiveness including real-time monitoring in specific cells and tissues. The present review highlights the progress of MNPs emphasizing functionalization using diverse inorganic and organic biomaterials. Furthermore, it also provides a soundproof concept on the potential of MNPs and their colloidal counterparts, which offer attractive possibilities for theranostic applications. Finally, the main challenges and limitations in the use of MNPs for advanced biomedical applications have also been critically provided.http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1851_a765c019f0c2bf3e8586440bbea578fa.pdf