Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 3 13 1594 10.22063/basparesh.2018.2292.1435 FA Fariba Hashemi Afzal Biomedical Engineering Group, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 09 14 Mucoadhesive systems are new drug delivery mechanisms that are considered highly favorable in recent years due to the ability to stick and stay on the mucus and release their drug content in a sustained manner. Drug delivery through the mucosa is a good route for a large population of patients especially for those with swallowing problems. This route has important advantages over the oral route, including bypassing hepatic first pass metabolism and avoiding the drug degradation within the gastrointestinal tract. Mucoadhesive dosage forms can be prepared in various forms, such as tablet, gel, oral film, spray, viscous solution and micro/nanoparticle, and can be used in drug delivery through the oral, intestine, ocular, nasal, vaginal, and other mucosal routes. The most important component of these systems is the polymer. Mucoadhesive polymers, in addition to acting as the mainstay of these formulations, also control the release and penetration of the drug, thereby contributing to the therapeutic benefits of these systems. Hence, mucoadhesive characteristics include factors related to bioadhesive polymers and the medium in which the polymers reside. In this article, the mucoadhesive systems; various types of dosage forms; mechanism and theories of mucoadhesion and factors affecting mucoadhesion are discussed. Mucoadhesive systems are new drug delivery mechanisms that are considered highly favorable in recent years due to the ability to stick and stay on the mucus and release their drug content in a sustained manner. Drug delivery through the mucosa is a good route for a large population of patients especially for those with swallowing problems. This route has important advantages over the oral route, including bypassing hepatic first pass metabolism and avoiding the drug degradation within the gastrointestinal tract. Mucoadhesive dosage forms can be prepared in various forms, such as tablet, gel, oral film, spray, viscous solution and micro/nanoparticle, and can be used in drug delivery through the oral, intestine, ocular, nasal, vaginal, and other mucosal routes. The most important component of these systems is the polymer. Mucoadhesive polymers, in addition to acting as the mainstay of these formulations, also control the release and penetration of the drug, thereby contributing to the therapeutic benefits of these systems. Hence, mucoadhesive characteristics include factors related to bioadhesive polymers and the medium in which the polymers reside. In this article, the mucoadhesive systems; various types of dosage forms; mechanism and theories of mucoadhesion and factors affecting mucoadhesion are discussed.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1594_dc9f3b6ff1a5f3cbf1192911246de177.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Energy Production from Natural Biopolymeric Wastes of Paper Industries to Reduce Adverse Environmental Effects Energy Production from Natural Biopolymeric Wastes of Paper Industries to Reduce Adverse Environmental Effects 14 23 1601 10.22063/basparesh.2018.2014.1377 FA Ali Ghasemian Faculty Journal Article 2018 01 04 Pulp and paper industries produce various and considerable amounts and types of energy-rich natural biopolymeric wastes including wood wastes, residuals from recycled paper production process, various low-quality recovered papers and mill broke and papermaking sludge in all mill operations including wood preparation, pulp and paper production, chemicals recovery, recycled papers processing and wastewater treatments. The volume of these biopolymeric wastes depends on the technological advances, pulp and paper grade and quality of the wood raw material, which provide notable opportunities for the recovery of consumed energy and, especially to reduce adverse environmental effects in paper industries. Generally, energy recovery from natural biopolymeric wastes has been currently considered as a desirable and feasible process in most paper industries of the world. Application of such novel technologies in paper industries can result in higher productivity, lower investment costs and safer operations compared to conventional productions that consume fossil fuels to produce energy. In addition to energy recovery, burning the natural biopolymeric wastes has some advantages such as lowering the air pollution, land-fill operations and the amount and volume of the wastes. The recovered energy can be used in heating systems and power production. A biorefinery bears the aim at producing high-value bio-based chemicals rather than biofuels. The current status of world solid wastes and know-how knowledge of their use as an energy source in the pulp and paper industries are reviewed in the present study. Pulp and paper industries produce various and considerable amounts and types of energy-rich natural biopolymeric wastes including wood wastes, residuals from recycled paper production process, various low-quality recovered papers and mill broke and papermaking sludge in all mill operations including wood preparation, pulp and paper production, chemicals recovery, recycled papers processing and wastewater treatments. The volume of these biopolymeric wastes depends on the technological advances, pulp and paper grade and quality of the wood raw material, which provide notable opportunities for the recovery of consumed energy and, especially to reduce adverse environmental effects in paper industries. Generally, energy recovery from natural biopolymeric wastes has been currently considered as a desirable and feasible process in most paper industries of the world. Application of such novel technologies in paper industries can result in higher productivity, lower investment costs and safer operations compared to conventional productions that consume fossil fuels to produce energy. In addition to energy recovery, burning the natural biopolymeric wastes has some advantages such as lowering the air pollution, land-fill operations and the amount and volume of the wastes. The recovered energy can be used in heating systems and power production. A biorefinery bears the aim at producing high-value bio-based chemicals rather than biofuels. The current status of world solid wastes and know-how knowledge of their use as an energy source in the pulp and paper industries are reviewed in the present study.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1601_aff4fb598e7bd1f389ed33f3671f3230.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Polymer-based Sustained Release Systems of Human Growth Hormone Polymer-based Sustained Release Systems of Human Growth Hormone 24 32 1605 10.22063/basparesh.2019.2339.1443 FA Siavash Mirzaei royan institute Hamid Mobedi iran polymer and petrochemical institute Hamid Gourabi royan istitute Mohammad Hosaein Sanati National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Sakine Khezli Journal Article 2018 11 27 Human Growth Hormone (hGH) is a 191 amino acid polypeptide chain which is secreted in pituitary gland and by absorption in the liver leads to secretion of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). IGF-1 increases muscles and bones growth, so the growth hormone deficiency in the body leads to serious and unpleasant injuries. Approved indications for hGH therapy include treatment of growth hormone deficiency (in children and in adults), Turner syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency and more recently, idiopathic short stature in children, AIDS-related wasting and fat accumulation associated with lip dystrophy in adults. Patients’ dissatisfaction, short half-life, renal toxicity created in daily injections and frequent injections are factors that have compelled researchers to investigate the sustained release systems in different forms of this protein. New polymer drug delivery systems are one of the most effective ways to reduce the frequency of injections of daily drugs. In situ forming systems (ISIs), microspheres and hydrogels are the most important and effectively used methods to deliver drugs to the body. The process, types and properties of the polymer, solvent and additives that are used for such purposes are very important and affect the speed and amount of final release of the drug. Human Growth Hormone (hGH) is a 191 amino acid polypeptide chain which is secreted in pituitary gland and by absorption in the liver leads to secretion of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). IGF-1 increases muscles and bones growth, so the growth hormone deficiency in the body leads to serious and unpleasant injuries. Approved indications for hGH therapy include treatment of growth hormone deficiency (in children and in adults), Turner syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency and more recently, idiopathic short stature in children, AIDS-related wasting and fat accumulation associated with lip dystrophy in adults. Patients’ dissatisfaction, short half-life, renal toxicity created in daily injections and frequent injections are factors that have compelled researchers to investigate the sustained release systems in different forms of this protein. New polymer drug delivery systems are one of the most effective ways to reduce the frequency of injections of daily drugs. In situ forming systems (ISIs), microspheres and hydrogels are the most important and effectively used methods to deliver drugs to the body. The process, types and properties of the polymer, solvent and additives that are used for such purposes are very important and affect the speed and amount of final release of the drug.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1605_b6f19686246632504861240be1525be4.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Alginate Electrospinning: Challenges and Solutions Alginate Electrospinning: Challenges and Solutions 33 43 1606 10.22063/basparesh.2019.2188.1424 FA Hamed Daemi Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Maryam Asadi School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology Journal Article 2018 05 04 Electrospinning, as a versatile nanofiber fabrication method, has evinced a lot of attention due to its simplicity, efficiency and ability to produce continuous nanofibers. However, electrospinning of natural polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides seems to be challenging for different reasons mainly in the absence of appropriate solvent, high viscosity or in some cases polyelectrolyte nature of solutions. Among natural polymers, alginate with its abundant algal source, structural and chemical resemblance to extracellular matrix and desirable properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability, has attracted the attention of researchers extensively. Alginate has a great potential in many applications in different areas in medicine including tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound dressing fabrication. Also a vast number of studies in literature have focused on fabricating alginate nanofibers through electrospinning, no considerable success in achieving nanofibers with high alginate content has been reported. Through evaluating different studies and reports in this regard, it becomes evident that part of the challenge is due to the lack of a comprehensive description focused on investigating and analyzing the conducted studies and underlying strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to examine challenges and obstacles in alginate electrospinning and to open discussions in literature, in order to pave the way for more intended and successful research in this field. Electrospinning, as a versatile nanofiber fabrication method, has evinced a lot of attention due to its simplicity, efficiency and ability to produce continuous nanofibers. However, electrospinning of natural polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides seems to be challenging for different reasons mainly in the absence of appropriate solvent, high viscosity or in some cases polyelectrolyte nature of solutions. Among natural polymers, alginate with its abundant algal source, structural and chemical resemblance to extracellular matrix and desirable properties like biocompatibility and biodegradability, has attracted the attention of researchers extensively. Alginate has a great potential in many applications in different areas in medicine including tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound dressing fabrication. Also a vast number of studies in literature have focused on fabricating alginate nanofibers through electrospinning, no considerable success in achieving nanofibers with high alginate content has been reported. Through evaluating different studies and reports in this regard, it becomes evident that part of the challenge is due to the lack of a comprehensive description focused on investigating and analyzing the conducted studies and underlying strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to examine challenges and obstacles in alginate electrospinning and to open discussions in literature, in order to pave the way for more intended and successful research in this field.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1606_4db53f09fb678c0f3cafa9e89c87c215.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Effective Factors on Molecular Packing and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Effective Factors on Molecular Packing and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy 44 56 1607 10.22063/basparesh.2019.2297.1437 FA Mehran Jahani master Student 0000-0002-1680-6629 Mehrzad Mortezaei Composite Science and Technology Research Center 0000-0003-4045-1810 Journal Article 2018 09 10 Cured epoxy is a thermosetting polymer with amorphous structure. The amorphous phase structure reflects the mechanical thermal history of a polymer. Many parameters in the structure of the amorphous phase affect physical and mechanical properties. One of the rarely considered parameters is molecular packing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting molecular packing, which leads to changes in mechanical properties. The measurement of molecular packing by x-ray diffraction is carried out using the Bragg equation and its approximate estimation is acquired using macroscopic density. Other equations for calculating chain diffraction and crystal size are introduced in semi-crystalline systems. Studies have shown that the presence of rigid structures in the backbone increases the tendency for arrangement. In addition, the branch tends to increased packing and mechanical properties when it is smaller than the free space between the chains. Generally in adding additive, the effect increases on molecular packing by reducing the particle scale. Also, the presence of surface modifiers on particles, especially in nanoscale particles, results in a matrix arrangement around the particle, an increase in molecular packing and mechanical properties. The addition of a plasticizer in the system in the case of fuzzy separation, as the bubble phase becomes larger, there is a reduction in the amount of packing in the chain and displaces the amorphous halo towards smaller angles. Cured epoxy is a thermosetting polymer with amorphous structure. The amorphous phase structure reflects the mechanical thermal history of a polymer. Many parameters in the structure of the amorphous phase affect physical and mechanical properties. One of the rarely considered parameters is molecular packing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting molecular packing, which leads to changes in mechanical properties. The measurement of molecular packing by x-ray diffraction is carried out using the Bragg equation and its approximate estimation is acquired using macroscopic density. Other equations for calculating chain diffraction and crystal size are introduced in semi-crystalline systems. Studies have shown that the presence of rigid structures in the backbone increases the tendency for arrangement. In addition, the branch tends to increased packing and mechanical properties when it is smaller than the free space between the chains. Generally in adding additive, the effect increases on molecular packing by reducing the particle scale. Also, the presence of surface modifiers on particles, especially in nanoscale particles, results in a matrix arrangement around the particle, an increase in molecular packing and mechanical properties. The addition of a plasticizer in the system in the case of fuzzy separation, as the bubble phase becomes larger, there is a reduction in the amount of packing in the chain and displaces the amorphous halo towards smaller angles.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1607_91bc0076332098ff2d9a4800d1504b7f.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Polymer Counter Electrode in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Polymer Counter Electrode in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 57 67 1608 10.22063/basparesh.2019.2249.1434 FA Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad Academic Staff Journal Article 2018 07 06 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted interest as clean electrical energy due to their low cost and environmentally friendly. In classical dye-sensitized solar cells, platinum metal is applied as a counter electrode, but due to its high cost and platinum susceptibility towards corrosion, the development and large-scale production of dye-sensitized solar cells have been disputed. To resolve this problem, polymers can be taken as a replacement for platinum due to their affordability, synthetic simplicity and easy usage. The conjugated polymers suitable for use in the counter electrode are: polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- polystyreneslufonate(PEDOT-PSS) copolymer. By referring to its high electrical conductivity, stability and nanoporous structure, PEDOT, is very suitable for use in solar cells as the counter electrode. The performance of the polymer counter electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cells are determined by various factors: catalytic activity, electronic conductivity, surface area, matching, electrochemical stability, surface morphology, surface roughness, thickness, porosity, adhesion, particle size, and crystal structure. The purpose of this article is to introduce and delineate the kind of polymer to employ as counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells and the parameters affecting the performance of polymer counter electrode. Finally, some brief accounts on the performances and outlook for the polymer counter electrode are presented. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted interest as clean electrical energy due to their low cost and environmentally friendly. In classical dye-sensitized solar cells, platinum metal is applied as a counter electrode, but due to its high cost and platinum susceptibility towards corrosion, the development and large-scale production of dye-sensitized solar cells have been disputed. To resolve this problem, polymers can be taken as a replacement for platinum due to their affordability, synthetic simplicity and easy usage. The conjugated polymers suitable for use in the counter electrode are: polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- polystyreneslufonate(PEDOT-PSS) copolymer. By referring to its high electrical conductivity, stability and nanoporous structure, PEDOT, is very suitable for use in solar cells as the counter electrode. The performance of the polymer counter electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cells are determined by various factors: catalytic activity, electronic conductivity, surface area, matching, electrochemical stability, surface morphology, surface roughness, thickness, porosity, adhesion, particle size, and crystal structure. The purpose of this article is to introduce and delineate the kind of polymer to employ as counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells and the parameters affecting the performance of polymer counter electrode. Finally, some brief accounts on the performances and outlook for the polymer counter electrode are presented.

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1608_3016e78224c80c53efcec3f5a62257d2.pdf

Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Basparesh 2252-0449 9 1 2019 05 22 Report Report 68 82 1645 FA Editors Editors IPPI Journal Article 2019 06 30 Scientific News Scientific News

http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1645_098abf62d9fe4be77b0893e666d3705e.pdf