Technologies and Catalysts for the Production of Polyethylene by Slurry Process: Patent Review
hossein
bazgir
IPPI
author
zahra
Zahra Issaabadi
Department of Polymerization Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2022
per
For more than sixty years, thousands of patents and articles have been published annually on various manufacturing methods and comparing the properties and performance of manufactured polyethylenes. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is one of the most widely used polyethylene in different grades, including pipes, films, fibers, bottles, etc., which about 50 million tons of this product is produced in slurry processes worldwide. Several technologies have been presented for the production of polyethylene in industrial plants. Each of these technologies has special operating conditions and type of catalyst and produces a specific product grade. High density polyethylene can be produced by gas phase or slurry. In this article, the processes and catalysts for the production of polyethylene in the slurry phase are reviewed. These processes include Hostalen slurry process by Basell, CX slurry process by Mitsui, MarTECH process by Phillips, Innovene S process by Inoes, and Bostar process by Borealis. Hostalen and CX technology are similar in general terms and the main process, but they have differences that are discussed in this article. Commercialized catalysts used in the polyethylene production process, including TH series from Basell, RZ and PZ series from Mitsui, and BCH and BCE series from Sinopec, are also investigated.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
3
13
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1819_d5f94a514c81565b9cd714ec69cf1f3b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2948.1564
A Review on 3D Bioprinting Techniques and Bioinks
Negar
Farzanehfar
Student/ Isfahan University
author
mehdi
sheikhi
دانشگاه اصفهان، دانشکده شیمی، گروه شیمی پلیمر
author
Fatemeh
Rafiemanzelat
Faculty/ University of Isfahan
author
text
article
2022
per
With the exciting advancement in medical knowledge, the production or replacement of tissue or organs has the gold standard in the treatment of some diseases and lesions. Bioprinting technology is a breakthrough in this field. In line with the evolution of this technology, the development of advanced printers and new biomaterials are the factors affecting achievement of recent advances, which is partially due to the reproducibility and scaffold regeneration with the intended architecture. In this paper, the basic definitions of the three- dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology and the main elements associated with this technology are reviewed. This review aims are to focus on different technologies developed for the printing of biological species. A brief description of complicated nozzle geometry is followed by introducing common bioinks and the requirements for ideal biomaterials, especially hydrogels as novel candidates and their preparation aspects. Architectural, mechanical and biological properties of a scaffold are the most essential characteristics of a printed structure which are affected by the internal structure and the hydrogel precursor. Since innovation in biomaterials is key to the success of bioprinting, hydrogel preparation methods are fully discussed in terms of network formation. By incorporating proper instrumental parameters and tailoring hydrogel precursors, many benefits can be imparted to the final scaffold, providing design elements for next-generation bioinks.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
14
26
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1806_084bfe0812f1ccd9a699398b70537657.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2876.1548
A Brief Review of the Cocatalysts Types and their Performance in (Co)Polymerization Processes of Olefins: From Synthesis to Industrial Application
maryam
masoori
Jam petrochemical company
author
Reza
Rashedi
Jam petrochemical company
author
Abdolhannan
Sepahi
Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company
author
Mohammad Hossein
Jandaghian
Jam petrochemical company
author
Ehsan
Nikzinat
Jam petrochemical company
author
Saeed
Houshmand moayed
researcher
author
text
article
2022
per
In the past, most researchers believed that cocatalyst is a passive component that only has the task of "removing impurities" and "alkylating" the active centers of catalyst at the beginning of the polymerization and does not play a specific role in the polymerization. Today, it has been proven that this belief is incorrect, because the use of various cocatalysts leads to the induction of various properties in the final polymer, which is inconsistent with this view. Cocatalyst (negative ion) and active catalytic centers (positive ion) form "ion pairs" that govern the microstructure and arrangement of monomers in polymer chains during polymerization reaction. One of the important factors in the polymerization of ethylene α-olefin is the choice of aluminum alkyl to control the activity and properties of the polymer. In this article, the importance of the role of cocatalyst in the polymerization of Ziegler-Natta, metallocene, and hybrid catalysts, its effect on the catalyst behavior, distribution of active catalytic centers, catalyst activity and properties of polymer products such as molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, wax percentage, comonomer incorporation and physical-mechanical properties such as strength and impact resistance were reviewed. The results showed that each cocatalyst, due to its nature and chemical structure, causes alkylation of active catalytic centers and therefore produces polymers with various properties. Also, the use of a combination of different types of cocatalysts can induce different properties than each of the cocatalysts alone in the polymerization process.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
27
35
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1831_e03d1e4b63e19161fe021d0ee3ca5e70.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2942.1562
Janus Particles: 1- Design and Preparation
Maede
Ramezanpour
Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University. Tehran, Iran
author
Abbas
Rezaee Shirin-Abadi
Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Petroleum Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2022
per
In Roman religion, Janus was a god known as the custodian of the universe. He was usually shown with two heads in opposite sides to look in two directions at the same time. The term "Janus" is used to describe particles that have two faces with different physical or chemical characteristics. Janus particles with adjustable asymmetric structure and unique properties have attracted the attention of researchers. This anisotropy can lead to phenomena such as self-assembly or surface activity. since 1990s, Janus particles have been subjected to significant research. In this article, powerful synthesis methods including masking, phase separation and self-assembly, which are used to prepare Janus particles with different properties and morphologies, are described. This review focuses exclusively on Janus particles that contain polymeric materials. The different classes of synthesis methods of Janus particles, including some historical contexts, have been specially described. Also, in order to help new researchers in the field of making or using these particles, recent developments in this field have been described and the pros and cons of different methods have been evaluated with a view to future directions and applications.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
36
49
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1832_1f6a0ac26ccea7238b6b10568c961ab7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2957.1571
Investigation of Effective Parameters on Self-Nucleation Phenomenon in Semi-Crystalline Polymers
Zahra
Yagoobi
AUT
author
Abdolhanan
Sepahi
Jam petrochemical company
author
Kamal
Afzali
Jam petrochemical company
author
Azam
Jalali
AUT
author
Khosro
valieghbal
Jam petrochemical company
author
text
article
2022
per
The crystallinity of semi-crystalline polymers is affected by both nucleation and growth processes, and the nucleation phase controls the kinetics of crystallization. In general, there are two types of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. Self-nucleation or memory effect is a type of homogeneous nucleation. This phenomenon occurs when the crystal nuclei of the remaining polymer due to insufficient melting temperature or melting time in the next cooling stage lead to the acceleration of nucleation. Despite many researches on self-nucleation, the exact concept and the factors affecting self-nucleation still need to be studied. In this article, after introducing the phenomenon of self-nucleation and its phenomenology, measurement and the method of determining the domains of self-nucleation are introduced. Then, the factors affecting self-nucleation such as molecular mass, topology, and the structural constraints are discussed. Molecular mass and topology affect the stability of the nuclei and the memory effect by means of constraints resulting from the polymer entanglements. The confinements in polymer/nano-particle system and block copolymers caused by reduction of chain diffusion. In these systems, tethering of the chains to the surface of the nanoparticles or the constraint implemented by the two-ended covalent bonds led to the disappearance of the self-nucleation domain (domain 2) and hampering of memory effect.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
50
58
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1830_ebccfb7eeb708b543ceb46a4107c9e9d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2959.1572
Effects of Diamond Nanoparticles on Rubber Compounds
Mohammadmahdi
Kamyabi
School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,
author
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh
Hosseini
School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,
author
Hanieh
Jamalizadeh
School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,
author
text
article
2022
per
In the last few decades, various polymer industries have witnessed the increasing use of nanoparticles for various applications. Rubber industry is one of these industries and nanodiamond is one of these nanoparticles. Nanodiamond has received special attention in various industries due to its outstanding properties such as excellent mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. For example, the use of nanodiamond in rubber compounds alone or in combination with other fillers has recently received a lot of attention. By combining these nanoparticles with rubber matrix, different types of rubbers with more capabilities have been produced. These capabilities include better physical, mechanical and thermal properties as well as easier curing procedures. The mentioned properties are mostly due to the active surface of the nanodiamond as well as its excellent thermal conductivity. In general, nanodiamonds are used in the rubber industry for different purposes. In this article, while introducing these reasons and purposes, the use cases of this nanoparticle in various types of rubber such as natural rubber, styrene-butadiene, nitrile, etc. have been discussed. The latest research in this field has been reviewed and the final results have been presented in summary.
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
59
69
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1836_d80727ac7ce8a5fc0acafcf84e8fec6a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22063/basparesh.2021.2978.1577
Reports
editor
staffs
IPPI
author
text
article
2022
per
Introduction of polymeric companies, new published books and theses
Basparesh
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
2252-0449
12
v.
2
no.
2022
70
77
http://basparesh.ippi.ac.ir/article_1913_6ef7ef50ddc6692e340458c944edfbce.pdf